Types

RayQuiro is a dynamically typed language with primitive types, collection types, and user-defined structures.

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Type System Overview

Type	Type Identifier (type())	Example Literals
Number	"number"	42, 3.14159, -0.5, 1e6
String	"string"	"hello", "UTF-8: Привет", ""
Boolean	"bool"	true, false
Null	"null"	null
Array	"array"	[], [1, "two", 3.0]
Object	"object"	{}, { name: "Hero", hp: 100 }
Function	"function"	fn(x) { return x; }

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1. Number

All numbers in RayQuiro are IEEE 754 double-precision 64-bit floating point values (double).

var integer_val = 100;
var float_val = 3.14159265;
var negative = -42;

Built-in Math Functions

RayQuiro includes built-in math functions available globally:

Function	Signature	Description
abs	abs(x)	Absolute value.
sqrt	sqrt(x)	Square root.
pow	pow(x, y)	Raises x to power y.
floor	floor(x)	Rounds downward to the nearest integer.
ceil	ceil(x)	Rounds upward to the nearest integer.
round	round(x)	Rounds to the nearest integer.
min	min(a, b)	Returns the smaller of two numbers.
max	max(a, b)	Returns the larger of two numbers.
clamp	clamp(x, min, max)	Clamps x within [min, max].

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2. String

Strings are immutable sequences of UTF-8 characters enclosed in double quotes:

var greeting = "Hello, RayQuiro!";
var length = len(greeting);

var full = "Count: " + str(42);

var user = "Alice";
var score = 100;

var message1 = f"Player {user} has score {score + 10}!";
var message2 = `Welcome, ${user}!`;

Type Conversion

var num_val = num("123.45");
var str_val = str(100);

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3. Boolean and Truthiness

Booleans can be either true or false:

var is_active = true;
var is_admin = false;

Truthiness Rules

When evaluated in conditionals (if, while):

• false, null, 0, and "" (empty string) evaluate to falsy.
• All other values evaluate to truthy.

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4. Null

null represents the deliberate absence of any value:

var user = null;

var username = user ?? "Anonymous";
print(username);

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5. Array

Arrays are ordered, dynamically sized lists of values:

var inventory = ["potion", "shield", "sword"];

print(inventory[0]);

inventory[0] = "super_potion";

push(inventory, "helmet");

print("Total items: " + str(len(inventory)));

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6. Object

Objects are key-value associative maps:

var player = {
    name: "Aria",
    level: 25,
    health: 100.0
};

print(player["name"]);

player["health"] = 85.0;

var field_names = keys(player);
var field_values = values(player);

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7. Structs

RayQuiro supports struct definitions for structured data models with default values:

struct Item {
    id: 0,
    title: "Unknown Item",
    price: 0.0
}

var sword = Item { id: 101, title: "Iron Blade", price: 45.5 };
print(sword["title"]);
print(sword["id"]);

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8. Type Checking via type(v)

print(type(42));
print(type("text"));
print(type(true));
print(type(null));
print(type([1, 2]));
print(type({ a: 1 }));
print(type(fn() {}));